Davis helped develop the genre of American realistic fiction, though she was not widely recognized in her time. Her work, particularly "Life in the Iron Mills," explored the harsh realities of industrial labor in Wheeling and drew attention to the struggles of working-class people. Davis challenged the romanticized portrayals of American life and instead focused on the difficult social and economic conditions many faced, especially during the Industrial Revolution.

Her literary achievements go beyond fiction. She contributed to major publications, including the Atlantic Monthly and New York Tribune. Her critiques of political corruption and industrial problems mark her as a socially conscious writer, dedicated to addressing the injustices of her time. Davis' work was especially important for its social realism and for exploring the struggles women face as they balance personal and professional lives. Though she was overshadowed by her son, Richard Harding Davis, who became more famous than her during her lifetime, Rebecca Harding Davis’ social realism is a foundational contribution to American literature.