The French and Indian War began in 1754 as part of a global conflict between Britain and France over control of the Ohio Valley. French forces, allied with many Indian tribes, fought against the British and colonial settlers. Young George Washington’s early attempt to push out the French failed at Fort Necessity in southwestern Pennsylvania. Many Indians supported the French, viewing them as less of a threat than the British.

British General Braddock was defeated in 1755, leading to more Indian attacks on settlers. By 1758, the British captured Fort Pitt and gained control of the Ohio Valley. France surrendered its North American territories in 1763, but their Indian allies, excluded from peace talks, resisted British rule in Pontiac's Rebellion. Fighting lasted until 1764, though control of the region remained uncertain.